Damage Mechanism and Modeling of Concrete in Freeze–Thaw Cycles: A Review

The deterioration of concrete microstructures in freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles is the primary reason for reduction service life concrete. This paper reviews recent progress theory damage mechanisms and models F–T cycles. It a detailed review salt-freeze coupling condition, microstructure testing, evolution properties that are subjected to damage. Summarized this water phase transition; mechanism chloride-F–T sulfate-F–T damage; testing hydration products, pore structure, microcracks, interfacial transition zones (ITZ). Furthermore, macrostructure presented. Finally, issues existing research outlook highlighted discussed. helpful understanding damage, also provides comprehensive insight into possible future challenges sustainable design specifications cold environments.